train dover

Channel Tunnel

Beginning
Proposals and attempts
Key Dates
1802
Mathieu Albert proposed a Trans-Manche tunnel.
1875
The Channel Tunnel Company Ltd. has begun preliminary testing
1882
Cliff Abad position had reached 897 feet (820 meters) and Shakespeare Cliff 2040 meters (1,870 m) in length
January 1975
A government-backed scheme that began UKrance 1974 has been canceled
February 1986
The Treaty was signed in Canterbury to continue project
June 1988
First tunnel started in France
December 1988
United Kingdom began operations TBM
December 1990
The service tunnel runs through the Channel
May 1994
The tunnel was officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen and President Mitterrand
Mid 1994
rail freight and passengers began to activities
November 1996
A fire in a transport truck severely damaged tunnel
November 2007
High Speed 1, linking London to the tunnel, open
September 2008
A fire in a transport truck severely damaged the tunnel
December 2009
Eurostar trains stuck in the tunnel because of condensation on equipment for electric trains
In 1802, the French Mining engineer Albert Mathieu submit a proposal for a tunnel under the English Channel, with lighting oil lamps, automotive cables, and an artificial island in the middle of the channel to change horses.
In 1830, the French Objective Gamond Thom made the first geological and hydrographic studies of the Channel between Calais and Dover. Thom Gamond explored various schemes and in 1856 he presented a proposal to Napoleon III for the extract of a rail tunnel Cap Gris Nez Eastwater point with port / ventilation shaft in the sandbank, Varna, at a cost of 170 million francs, or less than GB7 million.
Thom in 1856 Gamond link plan through the Canal, with a port / vent hole in the sandbank in mid-Channel Varna
In 1865, a delegation headed by George Ward Hunt proposed the idea of Minister of Finance a tunnel at the time, William Ewart Gladstone.
After 1867, William Holland and Sir John Clarke Hawkshaw promotion of ideas, but none has been applied. An Anglo-French official protocol was created in 1876 by a railway tunnel through the Canal. In 1881, the British entrepreneur Sir Watkin and William Railroad French Suez Canal Alexandre Lavalley contractor were the Anglo-French submarine railway company which has carried out exploration work on both sides of the Channel. On the side of an Englishman of 2.13 meters (7 ft) diameter Beumont-English boring machine dug a 1893 meters (6211 feet) pilot tunnel from Shakespeare Cliff. In the French side a similar machine dug 1669 meters (5476 feet) from Sangatte. The project was abandoned in May 1882 because of British political and campaigns media promotion of a tunnel could jeopardize the national defense of Britain. These early work has found more than a century Later, during the LRT project.
In 1955, the defense arguments were accepted by lack relevance because of the dominance of air power, and both the British governments and French have supported technical and geological studies. Construction began on both sides of the Channel in 1974, a project funded by the government through tunnels twins each side of a service tunnel, with ability to drive vehicles from the shuttle. In January 1975, to the chagrin of the French partners, the British government canceled the project. Government Labour Party has changed and there was uncertainty about the members of the EC, the cost estimates have increased by 200% and the national economy has been disturbed. At that time, the British priestly TBM was ready and the Department of Transportation was able to conduct a pilot of 300 m. This short tunnel would be reused, however, as a starting point and access point for the operations of the tunnel on the British side.
In 1979, the project "Mousetrap" has been proposed when the Conservatives came to power in Britain. The concept was a track rail tunnel Individual with a service tunnel, but the bus terminal. The British government was not interested in financing the project, but Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said he had no objection to a privately financed project. In 1981, French and British leaders Margaret Thatcher and François Mitterrand agreed to establish a working group to review a funding proposal private, and in April 1985, the developers have been officially invited to presenting a proposal. Four papers were selected:
a proposal based rail in the scheme presented in 1975 by the Channel Group / Franceanche (CTG / F)
Eurobridge: 4.5 km span suspension bridge with a floor in a closed tube
Euroroute: a tunnel of 21 km between the islands Artificial approached by bridges, and
Canal Highway: large diameter road tunnels with towers ventilation in the middle of the fairway.
The industry of the ferry to cross the Channel to protest under the name "Flexilink. In 1975, there was no protest campaign against a fixed connection with one of the major ferry operators (Sealink) is the state. Flexilink arouse opposition continued during 1986 and 1987. Commentary very public for a drive-through tunnel, but the ventilation problems, concerns about the management of accidents and the fear of driving hypnotize led to the presentation in the moving train, CTG / FM, after receiving the project.
Agreement
The diagram describes the structure of the organization used on the project. Eurotunnel is the central body for the construction and operation (through a grant) of the tunnel
British Chain Channel Tunnel Group consisted of two banks and five construction companies, while their French counterparts, Franceanche, consisted of three banks and companies Five of the construction. banks' role was to advise on financing and guaranteed loan commitments. On July 2, 1985, the groups formed Channel Group / Franceanche (CTG / F). Its submission to the British and French governments have been developed in the 1975 draft, including 11 volumes and a statement significant environmental impact.
The design and construction was carried out by the ten construction companies in the CTG / FM group. French Terminal and boring Sangatte was undertaken by the five French construction companies in the joint venture group GIE Transmanche Construction. Cliff English and boring Terminal Shakespeare was carried out by the five British construction companies in the joint venture Trankslink. The two associations were bound by Transmanche Link (TML), an organization binational project. The Matre d'Oeuvre was a genius supervisory bodies employed by Eurotunnel in terms of granting control to the project activity and submit Governments and banks.
In France, with its long tradition of infrastructure investment, the project received broad approval in April 1987 and Assembly French national has given its unanimous support, and in June 1987 after a public inquiry, the Senate gave its unanimous support. In Britain, the committee considered the proposal to elect, to make history by taking audiences outside Westminster, Kent. In February 1987, the third reading of the bill to the Channel Tunnel, the held in the House of Commons, and was carried by 94 votes to 22. The Channel Tunnel Act gained Royal Assent and passed into English law in July this year.
The Channel Tunnel a build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) project with a concession. TML is the design and construction of the tunnel but funding is a separate legal entity: Eurotunnel. Eurotunnel absorbed CTG / FM and has signed a construction contract with TML, but the British and French governments final controlled engineering and safety decisions. The British and French governments gave Eurotunnel 55 – (later 65 -) year operating concession to repay loans and pay dividends. A railroad Use Agreement was signed between Eurotunnel, British Rail and National Railways SOCIT Franais ensure future income Rail exchange for half of the tunnel.
Private financing of a project as complex infrastructure of unprecedented scale. An initial capital of 45 million has been collected by GEC / FM, an increase of 206 billion institutional private placement, 770 million has been raised in a bid that included print ads and television, a syndicated bank credit and letter of credit 5 billion. Private financing, the total investment cost in 1985 prices were 2.6 million. In late 1994 the actual costs for 1985, prices 4.65 billion, a 80% cost overrun. The overrun is due in part to increase safety, security and environment. Costs Funding was 140% higher than expected.
Construction
Once the tunnel, working on both sides of the Channel, cutting through marl to construct two rail tunnels and a service tunnel. The bus terminal at Cheriton vehicle (part Folkestone) and Coquelles, and are related to British and French motorways (M20 and A16, respectively).
Tunneling began in 1988, and the tunnel began operational in 1994. In 1985 prices the total construction cost was 4.65 million (equivalent to 10.152 billion today), an excess of 80%. In Construction summit of 15,000 people have been employed with the daily expenses of more than $ 3 million. Ten workers, eight of them British, were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993, mainly in the first months of the cavity.
Termination
The Channel Tunnel was opened in Calais May 6 1994 Queen Elizabeth II and French President François Mitterrand
A small two-inch (50 mm) diameter service tunnel allowed to be drilled without ceremony October 30, 1990. On December 1, 1990, Graham Fagg Philippe Cozette English and French across the service tunnel with Media Watch. Eurotunnel completed on time tunnel and the tunnel opened officially by the British Queen Elizabeth II and President Francois Mitterrand of France at a ceremony Calais on May 6, 1994. The Queen traveled through the tunnel to Calais on a Eurostar train, which stopped face to face with the train carrying President Mitterrand in Paris. After the ceremony, President Mitterrand and Queen toured the Shuttle in a similar ceremony in Folkestone.
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), now called High Speed 1, runs 69 miles (111 km) from St Pancras in London to the Channel Tunnel portal at Folkestone in Kent. It cost $ 5.8 billion. On 16 September 2003 British Prime Minister Tony Blair opened the first section of High Speed 1, from Folkestone to north Kent. On November 6, 2007, the Queen officially opened High Speed 1 and St Pancras International station to replace the original link more time to Waterloo station. High Speed 1 trains running at speeds up 300 km / h (186 mph), the journey from London to Paris: 2 hours 15 minutes and London to Brussels is 1 hour and 51 minutes.
In 1996, the American Society of Civil Engineers Featuring Popular Mechanics chose the tunnel as one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
Engineering
The Channel Tunnel exhibition at the National Museum Railways in York, England, showing the circular section of the tunnel with the overhead line feeding a Eurostar train. Also visible is the coating segmented tunnel
Studies conducted during the twenty years before the construction of the tunnel has confirmed earlier speculation that a path tunnel could be drilled in marl layer. The marl was favorable to the construction of tunnels, sealing, ease of excavation and strength. While side English marl ran the entire length of the tunnel on the French side, with a length of 5 kilometers (3 km) was variable and difficult geology. Tunnel channel consists of three holes: two of 7.6 meters (25 feet) in diameter rail tunnels, 30 meters (98 feet), 50 kilometers (31 miles) long with diameter service tunnel 4.8 meters (16 feet) between the two. There are also passages-cons and piston relief ducts. The service tunnel was used as a pilot tunnel, tunnels excavated in advance to determine the main conditions. English has been given access to Shakespeare Cliff, while French is an access shaft at Sangatte. The French team has used five tunnel boring machines (TBM), as the English used six. The service tunnel using a tunnel system service transport (STTS) and light tunnel transport vehicles (Ladoga). Fire safety design is a critical issue.
Among Beussingue doors and Castle Hill in the tunnel of 50.5 kilometers (31 miles) long, 3.3 km (2 km) on the French ground, 9.3 km (6 miles) underground side the UK and 37.9 kilometers (24 miles) below the sea makes the railway tunnel of the Channel Tunnel in the second longest in the world, the Seikan Tunnel behind Japan, but with the longest underwater section. The average depth is 45 meters (148 feet) below the seabed. Side the United Kingdom, the expected five million cubic meters (cu yards 6.510 ^ 6) of the cuttings about 1 million cubic meters (1,310 yards cu ^ 6) was used to fill in the location terminal, and the rest was deposited in the Lower Shakespeare cliff behind a dam, the restoration of 74 acres (30 hectares) of land. This land was made then samphire hoe the Country Park. assessment of environmental impact has not identified major risks for the project, and other studies on the safety, noise and pollution air have been generally positive. However, the environmental objections were raised during a high-speed link to London.
Geology
Geological profile along the tunnel, once built. For most of its length holes tunnel through the marl layer (layer)
Channel Tunnel success requires a good understanding of topography and geology, and the selection of more rock layers through which the tunnel. The geology generally consists of the Cretaceous strata of north-dipping, the members of the northern leadership of the Weald-Boulogne. Features include:
continuous chalk cliffs in both sides of the channel that contains no major faults, as observed in 1698 Verstegen
Four geological, marine sediments 90100000000 ago years, middle and high permeable chalk chalk on a little less permeable and impermeable, finally Gault Clay. A layer of sand, marl, glauconitic (tortie) is between the mark made with chalk and Gault clay
A layer of 2530 meters (8298 feet) marl (blue French chalk) in the lower third of the lower chalk seems to be the best means of tunnels. The chalk has a clay content 3040% the water resistance is still relatively easy to underground excavation forcefully for a minimum of support. Ideally, the tunnel was drilled in 15 meters (feet 49) of marl, allowing water intake fractures and joints to minimize, but especially the Gault clay which would increase the pressure on the tunnel lining and swell and soften when wet.
On the English side of the chain, the lower layer dip 5, however, on the French side, which increases to 20. Stamps and guilt is present on the French side and English. English minor defects that travel less than 2 meters (7 feet) exists. On the French side, travel up to 15 meters (49 feet) are present due to double anticline Quenocs. The failures are of limited width, filled with calcite, pyrite and clay alteration. The Department has increased and the gap narrows the choice of the route on the French side. To avoid confusion microfossil assemblages have been used to classify the marl. On the French side, especially near the coast, the chalk is harder, more brittle and more fractured than the English side. This led to the adoption of various technologies for tunnel through French and English sides.
No major geological hazards have been identified, but located the valley of the marine Quaternary Dangaered septic, and the collapse Castle Hill English at the door, cause for concern. 196 465 identified by the geophysical survey, Dangaered Fosse is a valley filled ranging from 80 meters (262 feet) below the seabed, 500 meters (1,640 feet) south of the road tunnel, located in the center of the street. A 1986 survey showed that the road crossed a tributary of the tunnel and if the route through the tunnel has been so far north and deep as possible. The English terminal should be located in the Castle Hill landslide, which consists of blocks of the displaced and less inclined chalk, marl and rubble glauconitic Gault. Therefore, the region juxtaposition has been stabilized and the insertion of drainage galleries. The tunnel service is a pilot tunnel before the main tunnels, such as geology, crushed rock zones, and zones of high water infiltration can be predicted. Exploratory survey was carried out in the service tunnels under way forward extensive survey probes and vertical on the side of the survey.
Study
Navy surveys and samplings were made during Thom Gamond 183 367, establishing the depth of the seabed in a maximum of 55 meters (180 feet) continuity of the geologic strata (layers). Recognition continued for many years, with 166 sailors and 70 wells with a depth ongoing land drilling and miles of line 4000 of marine geophysical completed. 195 859 were surveyed, 196 465, and 198 688 197 274.
The 195 859 paid record immersed tube and drawings of the bridge and a tunnel, and therefore a large area was studied. In this time of the marine geophysical survey engineering projects was in its infancy, with poor positioning and resolution seismic profiles. Research from 1964 to 1965 was concentrated on a road north, which left the English coast, the port of Dover, with 70 holes, a zone of deeply weathered rocks with high permeability is located just south of the port Dover.
Given the above results of the survey and access limitations, a more southerly route was studied in the investigation and road 197 273 confirmed to be feasible. Information for job tunnel project also came before cancellation in 1975. On the French side of a deep well with Sangatte galleries was done. The English Shakespeare Cliff, the government has allowed 250 meters (820 feet) 4.5 meters (15 feet) diameter pipe tunnel. The format and presentation of the tunnel, the excavation and support methods were essentially the same as the attempt of 1975. 198 697 In the survey, the results have been strengthened and the nature of the clay of Gault and medium-sized tunnel, marl, which comprise 85% of the road, were studied. geophysical techniques the oil industry have been used.
Tunnels
Typical tunnel cross section, with a service tunnel between the twin rail tunnels. Railway tunnels are shown connecting the channel is a spare piston, to manage change in pressure due to the movement of trains
Tunnels between England and France was a major technical challenge, with the only precedent is the underwater Seikan Tunnel in Japan. A serious risk is important underwater tunnels influx due to the pressure of seawater above the ground in mild conditions. The Channel Tunnel was also the challenge of timeeing private funding, provides financial profitability is paramount.
The aim was to construct two 7.6 m (25 ft) diameter rail tunnel, 30 meters (98 feet), 50 km (31 miles) long, a pair of 4.8 meters (16 ft) diameter service tunnel between the two main galleries, 3.3 meters (11 feet) in diameter Cross railway crossing connecting tunnels in the service tunnel 375 meters (1,230 feet) took rescue piston 2 meters (7 feet) in diameter that connects the railway tunnel 250 meters (820 feet) away, two railway tunnels cross underwater caves. The service tunnel, always preceded by at least one main tunnels km (0.6 km) to determine ground conditions. There were a lot of experience with a tunnel through the chalk in the mining industry. The underwater caves have been crossed a complex engineering problem. French Cave was based at Mount Baker Ridge Tunnel highway in the United States. The cave was excavated in the United Kingdom in the tunnel service before the tunnel to avoid delays.
precast segmental liner in the main units of TBM were used, but solutions have been used in various French and English side. On the French side, the neoprene seals joints between the tiles and cast iron or high strength bolted reinforced concrete were used. On the English side, the main requirement was that the speed and iron bolts lining segments has been achieved in poor areas of geology. In the railway tunnels in the United Kingdom, eight segments is a key segment mucosa used, the French side, five segments plus a key segment. On the French side, a 55 meter (180 feet) in diameter of 75 meters (246 feet) deep at the center of Sangatte grout curtain is used for access. On the English side, an area triage was 140 meters (459 feet) below the top of Shakespeare Cliff, and the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM) was the first application to the mark made chalk here. The English tunnels were driven from the land of Shakespeare Cliff, in the same location as the marine tunnels, no Folkestone. The base platform Cliff is not big enough for all readers, despite the objections of the environment, the tunnel was dug behind a concrete dam, envisaged to bring the chalk on a lake closed to prevent the spread of chalk fines. Due to limited space, the lining of prefabricated factory was on the Isle of Grain in the Thames estuary.
On the French side, due to increased water permeability, pressure balance TBM land with open and closed modes were used. The TBM is likely closed for First 5 kilometers (3 km), but it works as open, crossing the marl layer. This minimizes the impact on soil and high water pressure that is resisted, and also reduced the need for grout before the tunnel. The French effort took five tunnels: two large marine machinery, Continental Machine (readers of the land below 3 km is a TBM to complete the first disk, and then reverse the full address and other) and two machines service tunnel. On the English side, the best geology has enabled faster TBM ribbons. Six machines were used, all began to dig Shakespeare Cliff, three related to the sea and three tunnels in the earth. Towards the end of discs submarine, the United Kingdom were expelled TBM down and buried a strong and clear tunnel. The Frenchman completed the TBM tunnel and have been dismantled. A railroad track was 900 mm used the English side during construction.
Unlike machines, the English who have simply given alphanumeric names, French tunnel machines are all named after women: Brigitte, Europe, Catherine, Virginia, Pascaline, Sverine.
train design
Interior Eurotunnel Shuttle train vehicles. The largest railway wagons the world, the shuttle trains transport vehicles between the terminals on each side of the tunnel
Communications
There are three methods of communication on the radio award of the tunnel (CR) for mobile equipment and personnel within the concession of Eurotunnel (terminals, tunnels, coastal wells), radio -train (TTR) for the discourse on security and data between trains and rail control center, radio internal transfer (SIR) for communication between crew ferry and passengers of the car radio.
Food
All service tunnel that runs on electrical energy, just as English sources, and French. Power is delivered to the locomotives through an airline (overhead) at 25 kV and 50 Hz
Much of the railway in south London, uses a 750 V DC third rail to provide power, but since the opening of a high speed is not necessary to use the third rail system for any part of Eurostar path. High Speed 1, the tunnel itself and the way Paris has given the power by overhead 25 kV and 50 Hz train from Brussels is also energized by the overhead catenary, but in 3000 V. DC
Signaling
A cab signal system used to provide information directly to conductors on a screen. What is Automatic Train Protection (ATP), which stops the train if the speed is different from that shown on the screen in the cockpit. TVM430, as using the TGV Nord, is used in the tunnel. The speed limit is 160 km / h.
Trail System
American International Train Sonneville system company consists of support rails 900A Rink microcellular UIC60 quality EVA, bolted into the concrete has been chosen. Most European + GB has been used instead of a of alternatives in the UK small, this indicator is updated in a high speed in the Far East London in Barking. ballasted track was rejected due to restrictions food and a need for geometric stability.
Rolling stock
Eurotunnel Shuttle
Main article: Eurotunnel Shuttle Eurotunnel Class 9
At first 38 locomotives ordered Shuttle, working in pairs with one at each end of a shuttle train. The shuttle has two distinct halves: the individual bridge and doubles. Each half has two loading and unloading of cars and twelve car door. Eurotunnel's original order was for nine tourist shuttles.
trucks also have two halves, each half with a car loaded with the loading and unloading of vehicles and 14 rail cars. Not a car behind the club's main engine. Eurotunnel shuttles initially ordered six heavy rakes.
freight locomotives
See also: British Rail Class 92
Forty-six class 92 locomotives to pull the trains and freight trains at night passengers (the Nightstar project was abandoned) have been commissioned, which can run on AC power Current overload and DC third rail.
International Travelers
Main article: British Rail Class 373
Thirty-one Eurostar TGVuilt trainsased in French to the staff of the United Kingdom, and with many changes to security in the tunnel were controlled, ownership shared by British Rail, French national railway company and National Railway Company of Belgium. British Rail has ordered seven more for services north of London.
In late 2009, many security requirements fire have been abandoned and the Deutsche Bahn has received permission to run the German Intercity Express (ICE) for the Channel Tunnel in the future.
Locomotive Service
Diesel locomotives for the rescue and unskilled labor is the class 0001 and class 0031 Eurotunnel Eurotunnel.
Transaction
Applications and Services
A graph of Channel Tunnel traffic is the number of passengers and tonnes of cargo. number of goods fell launch vehicles in 1996 / by the closure of the service after the November 7, 1996 fire
Terminal of Great Britain in the west of Folkestone Cheriton. The terminal shuttle train service transport vehicles, and is linked M20 Highway
The Folkestone White Horse is the last view of England for most of the passengers who board the Cheriton terminal
Services available the tunnel are:
Eurotunnel Shuttle (formerly Le Shuttle) for transport services roll-on roll-off for road vehicles
passenger trains Eurostar
by freight trains.
Both cargo and passenger traffic forecasts that led to the construction of the tunnel have been overestimated widely and universally. In particular, Eurotunnel forecasts have been commissioned in the predictions. Although the proportion of channel crossings (competing with air and sea) was correctly predicted, strong competition and lower prices led to low incomes. For all traffic through the canal has been overestimated.
volume Passenger traffic
The total volume of passenger traffic across the tunnel reached a peak of 18.4 million in 1998 and then declined to 14.9 million in 2003 from then increased again to 16.1 million in 2008.
When deciding to build the tunnel, 15.9 million passengers were scheduled for Eurostar trains in the year opening. In 1995, the first full year, the actual figures were a little over 2.9 million to U.S. $ 7.1 million in 2000 and then fall to 6.3 million in 2003. However, Eurostar has also been limited by the absence of high-speed connection to the British. After the completion of High Speed 1 (formerly CTRL) to London two stages in 2003 and 2007, the increase in traffic. In 2008, Eurostar carried 9,113,371 passengers in transit through the Channel Tunnel, an increase of 10% the previous year, despite the limits of movement due to fires in 2008, the Channel Tunnel.
Year
Passengers carried …
by [Eurostar]
(Ticket real)
Eurotunnel Shuttle passenger
(Estimated in millions)
Total
(Estimated, $ million)
1994
On 100 000
0.2
0.3
1995
2920309
4.4
7.3
1996
4995010
7.9
12.9
1997
6004268
8.6
14.6
1998
6307849
12.1
18.4
1999
6593247
11.0
17.6
2000
7130417
9.9
17.0
2001
6947135
9.4
16.3
2002
6602817
8.6
15.2
2003
6314795
8.6
14.9
2004
7276675
7.8
15.1
2005
7454497
8.2
15.7
2006
7858337
7.8
15.7
2007
8260980
7.9
16.2
2008
9113371
7.0
16.1
One of the passengers on Eurostar to cross the Channel
freight volumes
volumes of the Tunnel Cross of the property was irregular, with a fall in 1997 after the closure caused by a fire on a freight shuttle. The goods crossing points the total has increased over the period, indicates the replacement of the tunnel for a voyage. The tunnel has reached a distribution channel traffic load close market of 1980 or higher, Eurotunnel, but the prospects for Eurotunnel 1990 and 1994 forecasts were exaggerated.
To load carried by freight trains in the first year load forecast was 7.2 million gross tons, however, the figure for 1995 was 1.3 million gross tons. With the volume of goods reached in 1998 at 3.1 million tonnes. However, recurring problems, this figure dropped to 1.21 million tons in 2007, rising again slightly to $ 1,240,000 t in 2008.
However, as one who transport goods, cargo traffic growth has occurred since the opening, with 6.4 million tonnes transported in 1995, 18.4 million tonnes in 2003 to 19.6 million tons in 2007.
Year
Goods transported …
by freight trains through
(Actual tons)
Eurotunnel Shuttle trucks
(Estimated in millions of tons)
Total
(Estimated in millions of tons)
1994
0
0.8
0.8
1995
1349802
5.1
6.4
1996
2783774
6.7
9.5
1997
2925171
3.3
6.2
1998
3141438
9.2
12.3
1999
2865251
10.9
13.8
2000
2947385
14.7
17.6
2001
2447432
15.6
18.0
2002
1463580
15.6
17.1
2003
1743686
16.7
18.4
2004
1889175
16.6
18.5
2005
1587790
17.0
18.6
2006
1569429
16.9
18.5
2007
1213647
18.4
19.6
2008
1240000 [~ B]
14.2
15.4
B from October 2007, Bill Eurotunnel trains of goods by rail rather than a ton.
Eurotunnel freight subsidiary is Europorte 2. In September 2006, early warning systems, the largest transport operator rail freight in the UK, has announced that due to the cessation of government subsidies in the United Kingdom French 52 million per year to cover the tunnel Channel "minimum right of use" (a subsidy of about 13,000 by train, a traffic volume of 4,000 trains per year), freight trains that do not work after 30 November.
Economic performance
Eurotunnel shares issued at 3.50 per share December 9, 1987. In mid 1989 the price had increased to 11.00. Delays and cost overruns led the share price fall, during an exhibition in October 1994, the share price reaches value of all time low. Eurotunnel suspended debt payments in September 1995 to avoid bankruptcy. In December 1997, the British and French concession to enlarge Eurotunnel 34 years to 2086. The financial restructuring of Eurotunnel occurred in mid-1998, reduced debt and financial expenses. Despite the restructuring The Economist reported in 1998 that the equilibrium point Eurotunnel is expected to increase fares, traffic and market share of sustainability. A cost-benefit tunnel Channel said it had little impact on the overall economy and the developments related to the project, and the British economy would have been better if the tunnel is not had built.
Under the terms of the Concession Eurotunnel was forced to investigate a tunnel through the Canal. In December 1999, the tunnel road rail and proposals have been submitted to the UK and French governments, but stressed that there was insufficient demand for a second tunnel. A tripartite treaty between the United Kingdom, France, Belgium and the border controls of government, with the creation of zones of control in which agents of the other nation may exercise the powers customs and law enforcement limited. In most cases at each end of the tunnel, with the French border controls on the British side tunnel, and vice versa. For some trains from city to city, the train itself is a control area. An emergency plan coordinated binational UK and French emergency activities.
In 1999, Eurostar recorded its first net profit after a loss of 925 million 1995.
Bounds
At the entrance of a ferry Peugeot 807 car in the French terminal at Coquelles near Calais in northern France
Cheriton terminals are sites (Folkestone UK) and Coquelles (Calais, in France). The terminals are unique facilities designed for the transfer of road vehicles in trains at a speed of 700 cars and 113 heavy vehicles hour. The site of the United Kingdom uses the M20 motorway. The terminals are organized juxtaposed border controls with the entry into the system to allow passengers to exit the highway destination immediately after exiting the shuttle. The area of the UK site has been severely compromised and the design has been difficult. The French track has been achieved more easily. To achieve design output, the shuttle cars take on the two bridges, flexibility, ramps have been placed inside shuttles to facilitate access to the upper floor. In Folkestone is 20 kilometers (12 miles) from the main track and 45 turnouts with eight platforms. In Calais, there are 30 kilometers (19 miles) of track with 44 connections. For terminal shuttle trains to cross a figure of eight to reduce uneven wear on wheels.
Regional Impact
A report 1996 of the European Commission predicts that Kent and Nord-Pas de Calais has faced traffic volumes have increased due to overall growth of traffic through the Channel and pulled through the tunnel. In Kent, a high-speed train line to London is the transfer of traffic from road to rail. Kent Regional Development benefit from the tunnel, but being so close to London to limited benefits. Earnings are traditional industries rely heavily on the development of the station Ashford International passengers, which is totally dependent on the expansion of London Kent. Nord-Pas-de-Calais has a strong symbolic effect of the tunnel that leads a significant increase in manufacturing.
Removing a bottleneck and through the Channel Tunnel will not necessarily produce economic benefits all adjacent areas, the image of a region is linked to European high-speed transport and active policy response more important for the development regional economy. Tunnel-induced regional development is low compared with overall economic growth. The southeast of England is likely to receive transportation and development Social faster and cheaper on the European continent, but the benefits are somewhat likely to be distributed equally throughout the region. The overall impact on the environment is almost certainly negative.
Five years after the opening of the tunnel, there were some small impacts on the economy in general, and it was difficult to identify the major developments related to the tunnel. It is postulated that the British economy has actually been better without the cost of the construction project, both Eurotunnel and Eurostar, companies heavily involved in building the Channel Tunnel and exploitation, have had to resort to large amounts of government assistance to meet the high debt. Eurotunnel has been described as being in a serious situation.
Incidents
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Fire
Main article: 1996 2008 Channel Tunnel fire Channel Tunnel fire
There were three fires in the Channel Tunnel have been large enough to close the tunnelll in trucks (PL) shuttlesnd other minor incidents.
In an invitation-only "testing phase on 9 December 1994, there was a fire in a Ford Escort car while its owner was being loaded on the top shelf of a tourist shuttle. The fire started around 10:00 with a shuttle train to stop at the terminal Folkestone and was extinguished about 40 minutes later, without injury to passengers.
On November 18, 1996, A fire at a car ferry vehicles truck in the tunnel, but nobody was seriously injured. The exact cause is unknown, although this was not a problem with your computer or mobile Eurotunnel action can be because a truck fire. It is estimated that the heart of the fire reached 1,000 C (1,800 F), with the tunnel seriously damaged more than 46 meters (151 feet) nearly 500 meters (1,640 feet) were affected to some extent. Full operation resumed six months after the fire.
The tunnel was closed for several hours August 21 2006, when a lorry on a HGV shuttle train caught fire. On September 11, 2008, there was a fire in the Channel Tunnel at 13:57 GMT. The incident started on a combination of vehicles carrying goods to France. Event took place 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) from the French tunnel entrance. Nobody died, but several people were taken to hospitals suffering from smoke inhalation and minor cuts and bruises. The tunnel was closed to all traffic, with the proper state of tunnel South reopening limited services two days later. Full service resumed February 9, 2009, after the repairs cost 60 million.
train failures
On the night of 19/20 February 1996 about 1,000 passengers were trapped in the tunnel under the Channel, when two British Railways Class 373 trains on the continent bound service Eurostar failed because of an electronic failure caused by snow and ice.
On August 3, 2007, a blackout for six hours because passengers trapped in tunnel Eurotunnelshuttle in a crossing.
On the night of December 18, 2009, when the snows in December 2009 The European, five trains in London linked to operations of Eurostar services not inside the tunnel, trapping passengers in the tunnel 2000 during the night. The large number of trains does not mean that the two running tunnels were blocked. Five Class 373 trains flying from Brussels and Paris and met with cold temperatures in northern France, the coldest since eight years ago. A Eurotunnel spokesman said that the problem had arisen because of the snow powder "in France, which had escaped the winter shield" to prevent the snow is in power. blackout was due, then the passage of cold air in France, the atmosphere inside the tunnel. Four trains carried no passengers, the fifth is the empty train Brussels Brussels have been suppressed before reaching the tunnel. Two trains were taken out of the water tunnel that use diesel Eurotunnel Class 0001. The blockade of the Channel Tunnel led to the implementation of Operation Stack, the transformation of the M20 motorway in a linear park.
The problems began around 2100, with firefighters Kent to receive an alert at 21:46. Travel of participants had between eleven and sixteen. The snow had accumulated on the trains, then melted in the heat of the tunnel, water, causing power outages. Among the 373 classes and two half-round five trains:
Brusselsondon 18:59 (9157), London St Pancras towed Eurotunnel by a diesel locomotive. Delay in 3:49 minutes.
Parisondon 18:43 (9053), 700 passengers evacuated through the service tunnel, Eurotunnel shuttle train empty tunnel running ahead. Passengers taken at Ashford station for conventional trains to London. Late in London before 12:00, arriving at 8:00 the next morning.
Parisondon 19:13 (9055) Together 20:13 Eurostar train back around and dragged by a diesel locomotive, then continued to London. Transported in Folkestone and picked up passengers from Paris 8:13 pm service behind him.
19:37 Disneylandondon (9057), 664 evacuated through the service tunnel, Eurotunnel shuttle train to a tunnel trips without load on the face and taken by France.
Parisondon 20:13 (9059) Together 19:13 Eurostar adjacent to the front, passengers transferred to the train before 19:13 for the journey to London and taken by Folkestone and five cars transported by road to London.
Brusselsondon 20:29 (9163), held in Calais, then back to Brussels before reaching the Channel Tunnel.
Parisondon 21:13 (9063), held in Calais, and then returned to Paris before coming to the Channel Tunnel.
The occasion was the first time in fifteen years that the Eurostar train in the tunnel were evacuated itself, the failure of four at once described as "unprecedented." The Channel Tunnel has reopened at 05:40 CET the next morning.
The next night, December 19, 2009, an additional service Eurostar Paris crashed. The train has successfully negotiated the Channel Tunnel itself, then fell. The second train was sent to tow the first to London, but not at 18:25 to try and climb a steep pass over the Viaduct Thurrock London suburb. Services Eurostar passengers resumed December 12, 2009.
Niranjan Deva, MEP for the South East of England, called on Chief Executive Richard Brown, Eurostar resign over the incident.
Another unit of 373 Brusselsondon Class Service crashed in the tunnel, January 07, 2010. The train had 236 passengers on board and towed to Ashford, other trains that had not yet reached the tunnel was driven back.
An independent report on 18 / 19 December 2009 was published incident February 12, 2010. The report was written by Christopher Garnett (former CEO of Great North Eastern Railway) and Claude Gressier (an expert on French transport) and made 21 recommendations.
Asylum and immigration
Immigrants and asylum-seekers have been known to use future tunnel to try to enter Britain. In 1997 the problem had already attracted the attention of international media, and the French Red Cross opened a refugee center in Sangatte in 1999, with a store that is used for the construction of tunnels, in 2002, it housed 1,500 people at a time, most of them try to visit the United Kingdom. At one point, many are from Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran, but European and African countries are also represented.
Most migrants who got in the UK found a way to ride a train load, but others have used Eurostar. While the facilities were closed airtight security was deemed impossible, the refugees are even blowing up bridges on the train movement. In several incidents were injured during the trip, other railway equipment altered, causing delays and requiring repairs. Eurotunnel said it was losing 5 million a month because of the problem. A dozen refugees died in the crossing attempts.
In 2001 and 2002, several riots broke out and the Sangatte refugee groups (up to 550 December 1, 2001 incident) stormed fences and tried to swarm. Immigrants also came from Eurostar passengers legitimate illegal entry.
The local authorities in France and the United Kingdom has requested the closure of Sangatte, and Eurotunnel has twice requested an injunction against the center. Britain blamed France help open Sangatte, France and UK blamed for its lax rules and asylum in the EU for not uniform immigration policy. The nature of the problem because even clbre including journalists detained, while the property continued to train refugees.
In 2002, after the European Commission said that France was in violation of EU rules on the free transfer of assets, due to delays and closures due to the lack of security, double fence has been built at a cost of five million, which reduces the number of refugees identified each week to Britain on freight trains from 250 to almost nothing. Other measures CCTV cameras and increased police patrols. In late 2002, the center of Sangatte was closed after the United Kingdom has agreed to perform certain of its refugees.
See also: asylum
Security
The service tunnel is used for access to equipment and local technical problems passages to ensure ventilation fresh air and emergency evacuation. The tunnel system of transport services (STTS) allows quick access to any point of the tunnel. Service Vehicles are equipped with rubber tires with a wire guidance system buried. Twenty-four STTS vehicles were made, and are mainly used for maintenance, but also to combat the fires and emergency situations. The modules "for different purposes, to a load capacity of 2.55 tons (tonnes 2.85.5) are inserted into the side of vehicles. STTS vehicles can not turn around inside the tunnel, and are driven from each end. The maximum speed is 80 km / h (50 mph) when the address is blocked. A small fleet of fifteen tunnel light vehicles (Ladoga) were introduced to complement STTSs. Ladoga have a distance m short wheelbase with 3.4 (11 feet) turning points allowing two runs in the service tunnel. Flying can be locked as STTS vehicles and the maximum speed at 50 km / h (31 mph). Pods of up to 1 ton can be loaded into the back of vehicles. Drivers will feel in the tunnel to the right, and driving on the left. Due to the risk of personal conduct of its original French right side traffic sensors in road vehicles to alert the driver when the vehicle deviates to the right of the tunnel.
The three tunnels containing 6,000 tonnes (6,600 tons) of air to be conditioned for the comfort and safety. Air is supplied building ventilation Shakespeare Cliff and Sangatte, with each building offering full rate of 100% of additional capacity. additional ventilation is also both sides of the tunnel. In the case of a fire, ventilation is used to keep the smoke out the service tunnel and the smoke toward the main tunnel to air pure travelers. The Channel Tunnel was the first major railway tunnel to have special cooling equipment. The heat is generated from hauling equipment and towing. The design limit is set at 30 C (86 F), using a mechanical cooling system and side refrigerators French and English, ranging from cold water flowing through pipes in the tunnel.
Trains traveling at high speed to create piston effect of pressure changes that may affect the comfort the passenger, ventilation systems, the doors of the tunnel, the fans and the structure of the trains, and drag on the trains. piston relief ducts 2 meters (7 feet) in diameter have been chosen to solve the problem, with 4 per mile to give results close to optimal. Unfortunately, this approach leads to unacceptable lateral forces on the trains so that a reduction in train speed was necessary and flanges have been installed in the ducts.
The issue of security a fire in a passenger vehicle received much attention, with Eurotunnel saying the fire was the likelihood of collecting more attention in a case 1994 safety three reasons: the opposition to passengers are allowed to stay with their cars, the Interior Ministry statistics show that vehicle fires has doubled in ten years, and along the tunnel. Eurotunnel has asked the Fire Research Station of the United Kingdom to the reports of vehicle fires as well as liaison with Kent Fire Department to collect statistics on vehicle fires in a year. Fire tests took place in the French research institution mining, Fancy car used to investigate how the cars burned. The car door systems are designed to withstand the heat inside the car for 30 minutes longer than the transit time of 27 minutes. Air conditioning units of the car to help debug the dangerous gases inside the car before you travel. Each car has a fire detection and suppression system, with detection of ions or ultraviolet radiation, smoke and gases that can trigger halon gas to extinguish fire. Because heavy vehicles (PL) Cars are not covered, fire detectors are in charge of the wagon and the tunnel itself. At 10 inches (250 mm) water main in the tunnel provides water service in the tunnels leading to 125 meters (410 feet) away. The ventilation system may control the movement of smoke. There are special lanes for arrival take a train on fire, while the train is not authorized to stop any fire in the tunnel. Eurotunnel has banned a wide range of products dangerous to travel in the tunnel. Two vehicles STTS shell fire fighting are in service at any time, with a maximum 10 minutes before the arrival of a train on fire.
See also
British Rail Class 373
Irish Sea Tunnel
Tunnel-Japan-Korea
Rail megaprojects list
Samphire hoe
Notes
^ "The Channel Tunnel." raileurope.com. http://www.raileurope.com/us/rail/eurostar/channel_tunnel.htm. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
Ab ^ Institute of Civil Engineers, p. 95
^ "Turkey in the world tunnel Immersed Tube deeper." Popular Mechanics. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/extreme_machines/4217338.html?series=23. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
Ab ^ Chisholm, Michael (1995). Great Britain on the edge of Europe. London: Routledge. P. 151. ISBN 0415119219.
Ab ^ Reynolds, Christopher (May 19, 1996). "Seven Wonders of the World: The Modern List." The Plain Dealer.
^ P. Ab Whiteside 17
^ "The Channel Tunnel library.thinkquest.org" http://library.thinkquest.org/5983/pages/chunnel.htm … Retrieved 19 July 2009.
ABCDEFGHIJ ^ Wilson pp. 1421
AB ^ Flyvbjerg et al. P. 12
^ "Four men caught in the Channel Tunnel. News from the BBC. 04 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/7171985.stm. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
^ "Sangatte refugee camp. The Guardian. Http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/may/23/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices1. Accessed July 19, 2009).
^ "Subterranea Britannica: Channel – 1880" attempt. Subbrit.org. Http: / / www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/c/channel_tunnel_1880_attempt/index.shtml. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
Whiteside ^ pp. 1823
^ "The proposed tunnel between England and France." The New York Times. August 7, 1866. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A00EFD9133DE53BBC4F53DFBE66838D679FDE. Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
^ Gladstone, William (1902). AW Hutton & Cohen HJ. ed. Speech of Hon. WE Gladstone Home Rule Law, Criminal Law, Wales and nationality Irish national debt and the reign of Queen. Public speeches speeches and very honorable. WE Gladstone, MP. X. London: Methuen and Company.
Kirkland ^ PP. 1011
ABC ^ Flyvbjerg et al. pp. 9697
^ Flyvbjerg et al. P. 3
^ ab "On this day: Tunnel links UK and Europe. News from the BBC. December 1, 1990. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1/newsid_2516000/ 2516473.stm. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
Abc ^ Anderson, pp. xvivii
^ Harlow, John (April 2, 1995). "Sow Havoc ghost trains in the Channel Tunnel. The Times.
excavators ^ "skillful." Ingenious. March 11, 2008. Http: / / www.ingenious.org.uk/Read/Identity/RailwaysandIdentity/Navvies/. Accessed July 19 2009.
^ "Thirteen workers die as safety standards are taken into account in the race to build Olympic venues. The Independent. Http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/thirteen-workers-die-as -safety-standards-are-ignore-in-race-to-build-Olympic sites-558698.html. Retrieved on September 26, 2008.
^ Glenn Frankel (October 31, 1990). "Britain and France Link-Up past." The Washington Post.
^ "Birthday Chunnel." Evening Mail (Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd.). December 2, 2000.
^ ab "This day – 1994: President and Queen Chunnel opened. News from the BBC. May 6, 1994. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/6/newsid_2511000/2511653.stm. Retrieved on January 12, 2008.
Woodman ^, Peter (November 14, 2007). "In high-speed rail link to an end." Newswire National Press Association.
^ "New rail high-speed line linking Britain Opens in Europe. "Channel NewsAsia (MediaCorp News). November 15, 2007.
^ Gilbert, Jane (01 December 2006). "Channel" Workers link France and Britain. "El Daily Post (New Zealand) (APN New Zealand Ltd).
^ P. Kirkland 13
P. ^ Engineering Institute 208 Civil
^ Flyvbjerg et al. P. 51
^ Harris, CS et al., Ed (1996). Engineering Geology of the Channel Tunnel. London: Thomas Telford. P. 57. , ISBN 0727720457.
Kirkland Pp ^ ABC. 2150
Kirkland Pp ^ ABC. 2226
Abcd ^ Kirkland pp. 63 128
^ Wilson p. 38
^ P. Kirkland 29
^ P. Wilson 44
Pp ^ Kirkland. 117 128
Pompey ^ Jean-Pierre. Channel "means the construction of the tunnel." pagesperso-orange.fr. http://pagesperso-orange.fr/batisseurs-tunnel/3tunnels.pdf. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
Pp ^ Kirkland. 129 132
Pp ^ Kirkland. 134 148
Ab ^ Article: electric traction trains August 9, 2009
^ Kirkland pp. 149 155
^ "From the article: Eurotunnel Betrieb # August 9, 2009
^ ab Kirkland pp. 157 174
^ "Strategic liability Network: The Vision Long Term. Department of Transportation. Http: / / www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/strategyfinance/strategy/freightnetwork/. Accessed May 17, 2009.
^ Kirkland pp. 175 211
Edmonds ^, Sam (December 16, 2009). Deutsche Bahn has access to the Channel Tunnel. Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0, 5,018,915.00. html? maca = en-US rss-en-all-1573-rdf. Retrieved on December 20, 2009.
^ "Deutsche Bahn has through chunnel." New Austin. December 16, 2009. http://www.austinnews.net/story/578370. Retrieved on December 20, 2009.
Ab ^ Flyvbjerg et al. P. 22
^ Abcdefg Ricard Anguera (May 2006). "Economic Evaluation Canal Tunneln post. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 40 (4): 291 315. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2005.08.009.
^ ab "Eurotunnel 2008 Traffic and revenue figures." Eurotunnel. January 15, 2009. Http: / / www.eurotunnel.com. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
^ Abcde traffic figures. "Eurotunnel. Http: / / www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTheGroup/ukcOperations/ukpTraffic. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
^ ab "Calendar Study Report 2 pp. Publication of East Kent and Ashford sub-regional study for South East Plan. South East England Regional Assembly. June 2004 .. Table 11. Http: / / 2.xls www.southeast-ra.gov.uk/southeastplan/key/study_areas/initial_studies/east_kent_ashford_annex. Retrieved on January 21, 2009.
^ "Eurotunnel 2003 Sales business and traffic." Eurotunnel. January 20, 2004. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2004/ukcJanuary2004/ukpPr0401Revenue.htm. Retrieved on January 21, 2009.
^ ab "Eurotunnel 2005 Traffic and revenue figures.." Eurotunnel. January 16, 2006. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2006/ukcJanuary2006/ukpPr06012005TrafficAndRevenue.htm. Retrieved on January 21, 2009.
Abc ^ "Eurotunnel 2007 Traffic and revenue figures: a memorable year. Eurotunnel. January 15, 2008. Http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2008/ukcJanuary2008/ukpPr0801TrafficAndRevenue2007.htm. Retrieved on January 21, 2009.
^ "Eurotunnel gets support for the carriage of goods. AFX (Agence France Presse). October 28, 2004.
^ O'Connell Sunday (September 3, 2006). "Moneyline threat Chunnel freight trains. London: The Times. Http: / / business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article626416.ece. Retrieved on 03 September 2006.
^ "Megaprojects and risk: an anatomy of ambition." Josephcoates.com. Http: / / www.josephcoates.com/pdf_files/268_Megaprojects_and_Risk.pdf. Retrieved on July 19, 2009.
^ Flyvbjerg et al. pp. 3234
^ Flyvbjerg, B. Buzelius, N. Rothengatter, W (2003). Megaprojects and Risk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521009464.
^ "Eurotunnel unveils plans for second link. Birmingham Post. January 6, 2000.
^ "The Channel Tunnel SPC." Crown Prosecution Service. Http: / / # www.cps.gov.uk/legal/section2/chapter_f.html _Toc44570638. Accessed March 11, 2008.
^ P. Kirkland 331
^ Kirkland pp. 255 270
^ European Commission pp. 220 222
^ European Commission pp. 248 252
^ Fayman, Sonia; Metge, Peter (September 1995). "The regional impact Channel Tunnel: qualitative and quantitative analysis. "European Planning Studies three (3): 333.
^ Button, Kenneth (July 1990). "The Channel Tunnel: The economic consequences for the South East of England." The Geographical Journal 156 (2): 187 199. Doi: 10.2307/635327.
^ Flyvbjerg et al. P. 6869
^ "Very soon, the Dome on wheels." New Statesman. Http: / / www.newstatesman.com/200104020018. Accessed April 28 2009.
^ Harrison, Michael (February 10, 2004). "Eurotunnel calls for government support after record loss of $ 1.3 million. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/eurotunnel-calls-for-government-support-after-record-acircpound13bn-loss-569459.html. Retrieved on July 21, 2009.
^ "4000 million Eurotunnel debt as well." The Telegraph. January 12, 2005. Http: / / www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2917255/Eurotunnel-has-4bn-too-much-debt.html . Retrieved on July 21, 2009.
^ Indebted Channel Tunnel Link is "nationalized." The Guardian. February 21, 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2006/feb/21/transportintheuk.politics. Retrieved on July 21, 2009.
^ "Facts and Figures 2005 2000-2004/Forecast Eurotunnel: Commentry and a suggestion. Adacte.com. June 2005. Http: / / www.adacte.com/economiepolitique/hollandais17062005.doc. Retrieved on July 21, 2009.
^ Wolmar, Christian (December 10, 1994). "The fire fears the Channel Tunnel. The Independent. Http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fire-raises-channel-tunnel-fears-1389084.html. Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
^ "Survey of fire heavy goods vehicles 7539 November 18, 1996. Canal Safety Authority tunnels. May 1997. ISBN 0115519319. http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/CTSA_ChanTun1996.pdf. Retrieved on July 21, 2009.
Ab ^ CJ Kirkland (2002). "The fire in the tunnel Canal "(PDF). tunnels and underground space technology 17: 129 132 DOI.: 10.1016/S0886-7798 (02) 00014-7. http://www.ita-aites.org/cms / fileadmin / filemounts / ovion/doc/safety/sydney/OS12.PDF.
^ "Fire truck closes Channel. News from the BBC. August 21, 2006. Http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/5271784.stm. Accessed August 21 2006.
^ Rail Accident Investigation Branch (October 2007) fire truck on the ferry in the Channel Tunnel, 2006 August 21. Ministry Transportation. (Report).
^ Robert Wright (September 12, 2008). Channel tunnel fire causes further cancellations. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ad05c7e6-8062-11dd-99a9-000077b07658.html. Retrieved on July 21, 2009.
^ "Channel Tunnel fire escape. Sky News. September 11, 2008. Http: / / news.sky.com / SkyNews / Home / UK / News / Channel-Tunnel-Closed-Due-To-A-Fire / Article/200809215097705? LPOS = + UK and cover News_0 ARTICLE_15097705_Channel = + + + + + tunnel closed due to fire from A +. Retrieved on March 9, 2009.
^ "Fully Eurotunnel opened to traffic. Eurotunnel.com. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2009/ukcFebruary2009/ukpPr0902Eurotunnel-back-to-full-capacity.htm. Retrieved on January 14, 2010.
^ Wolmar, Christian (February 22, 1996). "Wrong type of snow in the tunnel …". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/wrong-kind-of-snow-in-tunnel-1320248.html. Retrieved on December 21, 2009.
^ "Delays after Channel Tunnel fault." BBC News. August 3, 2007. Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/6929713.stm. Retrieved on January 14, 2010.
Abc ^ "Severe Weather brings Eurostar to stop." Sky News. December 19, 2009. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Eurostar-Says-All-Scheduled-Services-Tomorrow-Have-Been-Cancelled/Article/200912315504284. Retrieved on December 19, 2009.
^ Eurostar blamed "softness" of snow for the weekend chaos Times, December 21, 2009
^ Eurostar cancels trains in the snow – Press Association (December 21, 2009)
^ Cole, Rob (December 18, 2009). "Nightmare" Over passengers stranded. "Sky News. Http: / / news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Eurostar-Trains-Trapped-In-Channel-Tunnel-As-Snow-And- Ice-Brings-Services-To-A-Halt/Article / 20 091 … About the Author

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This entry was posted on Friday, May 21st, 2010 at 2:16 pm and is filed under Train Stuff. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.